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Table of ContentsPreface 1 - Printing System Overview 2 - The CUPS API
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PrefaceThis software programmers manual provides software programming information for the Common UNIX Printing System ("CUPS") Version 1.0. |
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System OverviewThe Common UNIX Printing System provides a portable printing layer for UNIX® operating systems. It has been developed by Easy Software Products to promote a standard printing solution for all UNIX vendors and users. CUPS provides the System V and Berkeley command-line interfaces.CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IETF-IPP) as the basis for managing print jobs and queues. The Line Printer Daemon (LPD, RFC1179), Server Message Block (SMB), and AppSocket protocols are also supported with reduced functionality. CUPS adds network printer browsing and PostScript Printer Description ("PPD")-based printing options to support real world applications under UNIX. CUPS also includes a customized version of GNU GhostScript (currently based off GNU GhostScript 4.03) and an image file RIP that can be used to support non-PostScript printers. |
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Document OverviewThis software administrators manual is organized into the following sections:
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1 - Printing System OverviewThis chapter provides an overview of how the Common UNIX Printing System works. |
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The Printing ProblemFor years the printing problem has plagued UNIX®. Unlike Microsoft® Windows® or MacOS, UNIX has no standard interface or system in place for supporting printers. Among the solutions previously available, the Berkeley and System V printing systems are the most prevalent. These printing systems support line printers (text only) or PostScript printers (text and graphics), and with some coaxing they can be made to support a full range of printers and file formats. However, because each varient of the UNIX operating system uses a different printing system than the next, developing printer drivers for a wide range of printers is extremely difficult. That combined with the limited volume of customers for each UNIX varient has forced most printer vendors to give up supporting UNIX entirely. The Common UNIX Printing System, or CUPS, is designed to eliminate the printing problem. One common printing system can be used by all UNIX varients to support the printing needs of users. Printer vendors can use its modular filter interface to develop a single driver program that supports a wide range of file formats with little or no effort. Since CUPS provides both the System V and Berkeley printing commands, users (and applications) can reap the benefits of this new technology with no changes. |
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The TechnologyCUPS is based upon an emerging Internet standard called the Internet Printing Protocol, or IPP. IPP has been embraced by dozens of printer and printer server manufacturers, and will be supported by the next Microsoft Windows operating system. IPP defines a standard protocol for printing as well as managing print jobs and printer options like media size, resolution, and so forth. Like all IP-based protocols, IPP can be used locally or over the Internet to printers hundreds or thousands of miles away. Unlike other protocols, however, IPP also supports access control, authentication, and encryption, making it a much more secure printing solution than older ones. IPP is layered on top of the Hyper-Text Transport Protocol, or HTTP, which is the basis of web servers on the Internet. This allows the user to view documentation and status information on a printer or server using their web browser. CUPS provides a complete IPP/1.0-based printing system that provides Basic authentication and domain or IP-based access control. Digest authentication and TLS encryption will be available in future versions of CUPS. |
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JobsEach file that is submitted for printing is called a job. Jobs are identified by a unique number starting at 1 and are assigned to a particular destination (usually a printer). Jobs can also have options associated with them such as media size, number of copies, and priority. |
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ClassesCUPS supports collections of printers known as classes. Jobs sent to a class are forwarded to the first available printer in the class. |
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FiltersFilters allow a user or application to print many types of files without extra effort. Print jobs sent to a CUPS server are filtered before sending them to a printer. Some filters convert job files to different formats that the printer can understand. Others perform page selection and ordering tasks. Backend filters perform the most important task of all - they send the filtered print data to the printer. CUPS provides filters for printing many types of image files, HP-GL/2 files, PDF files, and text files. CUPS also supplies PostScript and image file Raster Image Processors, or RIPs, that convert PostScript or image files into bitmaps that can be sent to a raster printer. CUPS provides backends for printing over parallel and serial ports, and over the network via the JetDirect (AppSocket), Server Message Block, and Line Printer Daemon protocols. |
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Printer DriversPrinter drivers in CUPS consist of one of more filters specific to a printer. CUPS includes a sample printer driver for Hewlett-Packard LaserJet and DeskJet printers. While this driver does not generate optimal output for different printer models, it does demonstrate how you can write your own printer drivers and incorporate them into CUPS. |
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NetworkingPrinters and classes on the local system are automatically shared with other systems on the network. This allows you to setup one system to print to a printer and use this system as a printer server or spool host for all of the others. If there is only one occurrence of a printer on a network, then that printer can be accessed using its name alone. If more than one printer exists with the same name, users must select the printer by specifying which server to use (e.g. "printer@host1" or "printer@host2".) CUPS also provides implicit classes, which are collections of printers and/or classes with the same name. This allows you to setup multiple servers pointing to the same physical network printer, for example, so that you aren't relying on a single system for printing. Because this also works with printer classes, you can setup multiple servers and printers and never worry about a "single point of failure" unless all of the printers and servers goes down! |
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2 - The CUPS APIThis chapter describes the CUPS Application Programmers Interface ("API"). |
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The CUPS LibraryDetecting the CUPS Library in Autoconf |
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Basic ServicesInclude FilesGetting the Available Printers and ClassesPrinting FilesSetting Printer OptionsCancelling Jobs |
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HTTP ServicesInclude FilesConnecting to a ServerSetting Request FieldsIssuing a RequestGetting the Request StatusSending Request DataReading Request Data |
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IPP ServicesInclude FilesCreating an IPP RequestAdding AttributesSending an IPP RequestReading an IPP ResponseFinding AttributesLooping Through AttributesIPP Standard OperationsIPP Extension OperationsCUPS Extension Operations |
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Language ServicesInclude FilesGetting the Default LanguageGetting the Language EncodingGetting a Language String |
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MIME ServicesInclude FilesLoading a MIME DatabaseFinding a Specific MIME TypeFinding the MIME Type of a FileFilters |
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PPD ServicesInclude FilesLoading a PPD FileOptions and GroupsFinding an OptionFinding a Page SizeMarking OptionsChecking for ConflictsSending Options |
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3 - Writing FiltersThis chapter describes how to write a file filter for CUPS. |
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OverviewSecurity ConsiderationsUsers and GroupsTemporary FilesPage Accounting |
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Command-Line ArgumentsCopy Generation |
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Environment Variables |
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Writing a HTML Filter |
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4 - Writing Printer DriversThis chapter discusses how to write a printer driver, which is a special filter program that converts CUPS raster data into the appropriate commands and data required for a printer. |
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OverviewPage AccountingColor Management |
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Raster FunctionscupsRasterOpen()cupsRasterReadHeader()cupsRasterReadPixels()cupsRasterClose() |
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Writing a HP-PCL Driver |
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5 - Writing BackendsThis chapter describes how to write a backend for CUPS. Backends communicate directly with printers and allow printer drivers and filters to send data using any type of connection transparently. |
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OverviewSecurity ConsiderationsUsers and GroupsTemporary FilesPage AccountingRetries |
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Command-Line ArgumentsCopy Generation |
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Environment Variables |
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Writing a Serial Port Backend |
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A - ConstantsThis appendix lists all of the constants that are defined by the CUPS API. |
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CUPS Constants |
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HTTP Constants |
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IPP Constants |
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Language Constants |
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MIME Constants |
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PPD Constants |
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Raster Constants |
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B - StructuresThis appendix describes all of the structures that are defined by the CUPS API. |
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C - FunctionsThis appendix provides a reference for all of the CUPS API functions. |
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cupsAddOption()Usageint cupsAddOption(const char *name, const char *value, int num_options, cups_option_t **options); Arguments
ReturnsThe new number of options. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsFreeOptions() , cupsGetOption() , cupsParseOptions()
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cupsCancelJob()Usageint cupsCancelJob(const char *dest, int job); Arguments
Returns1 on success, 0 on failure. On failure the error can be found by
calling Description
Example#include See Also |
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cupsDoFileRequest()Usageipp_t * cupsDoFileRequest(http_t *http, ipp_t *request, const char *resource, const char *filename); Arguments
ReturnsIPP response data or Description
Example#include See Also
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cupsDoRequest()Usageipp_t * cupsDoRequest(http_t *http, ipp_t *request, const char *resource); Arguments
ReturnsIPP response data or Description
Example#include See Also
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cupsFreeOptions()Usagevoid cupsFreeOptions(int num_options, cups_option_t *options); Arguments
Description
Example#include See AlsocupsAddOption(), cupsGetOption(), cupsMarkOptions(), cupsParseOptions() |
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cupsGetClasses()Usageint cupsGetClasses(char ***classes); Arguments
ReturnsThe number of printer classes available. Description
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cupsGetDefault()Usageconst char * cupsGetDefault(void); ReturnsA pointer to the default destination. Description
Example#include See Also |
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cupsGetOption()Usageconst char * cupsGetOption(const char *name, int num_options, cups_option_t *options); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to the option values or Description
#include See AlsocupsAddOption(), cupsFreeOptions(), cupsMarkOptions(), cupsParseOptions() |
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cupsGetPassword()Usageconst char * cupsGetPassword(const char *prompt); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to the password that was entered or Description
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cupsGetPPD()Usageconst char * cupsGetPPD(const char *printer); Arguments
ReturnsThe name of a temporary file containing the PPD file or Description
You should remove (unlink) the PPD file after you are done using it.
The filename is stored in a static buffer and will be overwritten with
each call to Example#include |
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cupsGetPrinters()Usageint cupsGetPrinters(char ***printers); Arguments
ReturnsThe number of printer printers available. Description
Example#include See Also |
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cupsLangDefault()Usageconst char * cupsLangDefault(void); ReturnsA pointer to the default language structure. Description
Call Example#include See AlsocupsLangEncoding(), cupsLangFlush(), cupsLangFree(), cupsLangGet(), cupsLangString() |
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cupsLangEncoding()Usagechar * cupsLangEncoding(cups_lang_t *language); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to the encoding string. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsLangDefault(), cupsLangFlush(), cupsLangFree(), cupsLangGet(), cupsLangString() |
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cupsLangFlush()Usagevoid cupsLangFlush(void); Description
Example#include See AlsocupsLangDefault(), cupsLangEncoding(), cupsLangFree(), cupsLangGet(), cupsLangString() |
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cupsLangFree()Usagevoid cupsLangFree(cups_lang_t *language); Arguments
Description
Example#include See AlsocupsLangDefault(), cupsLangEncoding(), cupsLangFlush(), cupsLangGet(), cupsLangString() |
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cupsLangGet()Usagecups_lang_t * cupsLangGet(const char *name); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to a language structure. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsLangDefault(), cupsLangEncoding(), cupsLangFlush(), cupsLangFree(), cupsLangString() |
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cupsLangString()Usagechar * cupsLangString(cups_lang_t *language, int message); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to the message string or Description
Example#include See AlsocupsLangDefault(), cupsLangEncoding(), cupsLangFlush(), cupsLangFree(), cupsLangGet() |
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cupsLastError()Usageipp_status_t cupsLastError(void); ReturnsAn enumeration containing the last IPP error. Description
Example#include See Also |
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cupsMarkOptions()Usageint cupsMarkOptions(ppd_file_t *ppd, int num_options, cups_option_t *options); Arguments
ReturnsThe number of conflicts found. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsAddOption(), cupsFreeOptions(), cupsGetOption(), cupsParseOptions() |
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cupsParseOptions()Usageint cupsParseOptions(const char *arg, int num_options, cups_option_t **options); Arguments
ReturnsThe new number of options in the array. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsAddOption(), cupsFreeOptions(), cupsGetOption(), cupsMarkOptions() |
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cupsPrintFile()Usageint cupsPrintFile(const char *printer, const char *filename, const char *title, int num_options, cups_option_t *options); Arguments
ReturnsThe new job ID number or 0 on error. Description
Example#include See Also |
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cupsRasterClose()Usagevoid cupsRasterClose(cups_raster_t *ras); Arguments
Description
Example#include See AlsocupsRasterOpen(), cupsRasterReadHeader(), cupsRasterReadPixels(), cupsRasterWriteHeader(), cupsRasterWritePixels() |
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cupsRasterOpen()Usagecups_raster_t * cupsRasterOpen(int fd, cups_mode_t mode); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to a raster stream or Description
Example#include See AlsocupsRasterClose(), cupsRasterReadHeader(), cupsRasterReadPixels(), cupsRasterWriteHeader(), cupsRasterWritePixels() |
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cupsRasterReadHeader()Usageunsigned cupsRasterReadHeader(cups_raster_t *ras, cups_page_header_t *header); Arguments
Returns1 on success, 0 on EOF or error. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsRasterClose(), cupsRasterOpen(), cupsRasterReadPixels(), cupsRasterWriteHeader(), cupsRasterWritePixels() |
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cupsRasterReadPixels()Usageunsigned cupsRasterReadPixels(cups_raster_t *ras, unsigned char *pixels, unsigned length); Arguments
ReturnsThe number of bytes read or 0 on EOF or error. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsRasterClose(), cupsRasterOpen(), cupsRasterReadHeader(), cupsRasterWriteHeader(), cupsRasterWritePixels() |
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cupsRasterWriteHeader()Usageunsigned cupsRasterWriteHeader(cups_raster_t *ras, cups_page_header_t *header); Arguments
Returns1 on success, 0 on error. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsRasterClose(), cupsRasterOpen(), cupsRasterReadHeader(), cupsRasterReadPixels(), cupsRasterWritePixels() |
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cupsRasterWritePixels()Usageunsigned cupsRasterWritePixels(cups_raster_t *ras, unsigned char *pixels, unsigned length); Arguments
ReturnsThe number of bytes written. Description
Example#include See AlsocupsRasterClose(), cupsRasterOpen(), cupsRasterReadHeader(), cupsRasterReadPixels(), cupsRasterWriteHeader() |
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cupsServer()Usageconst char * cupsServer(void); ReturnsA pointer to the default server name. Description
The default server is determined from the following locations:
Example#include See Also |
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cupsTempFile()Usagechar * cupsTempFile(char *filename, int length); Arguments
ReturnsA pointer to Description
Example#include |
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cupsUser()Usageconst char * cupsUser(void); ReturnsA pointer to the current username or Description
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httpBlocking()UsageArguments
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httpCheck()UsageArguments
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httpClearFields()UsageArguments
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httpClose()UsageArguments
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httpConnect()UsageArguments
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httpDecode64()UsageArguments
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httpDelete()UsageArguments
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httpEncode64()UsageArguments
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httpError()UsageArguments
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httpFlush()UsageArguments
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httpGet()UsageArguments
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httpGets()UsageArguments
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httpGetDateString()UsageArguments
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httpGetDateTime()UsageArguments
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httpGetField()UsageArguments
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httpGetLength()UsageArguments
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httpHead()UsageArguments
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httpInitialize()UsageArguments
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httpOptions()UsageArguments
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httpPost()UsageArguments
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httpPrintf()UsageArguments
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httpPut()UsageArguments
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httpRead()UsageArguments
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httpReconnect()UsageArguments
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httpSeparate()UsageArguments
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httpSetField()UsageArguments
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httpTrace()UsageArguments
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httpUpdate()UsageArguments
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httpWrite()UsageArguments
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ippAddBoolean()UsageArguments
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ippAddBooleans()UsageArguments
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ippAddDate()UsageArguments
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ippAddInteger()UsageArguments
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ippAddIntegers()UsageArguments
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ippAddRange()UsageArguments
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ippAddRanges()UsageArguments
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ippAddResolution()UsageArguments
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ippAddResolutions()UsageArguments
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ippAddSeparator()UsageArguments
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ippAddString()UsageArguments
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ippAddStrings()UsageArguments
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ippDateToTime()UsageArguments
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ippDelete()UsageArguments
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ippFindAttribute()UsageArguments
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ippLength()UsageArguments
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ippNew()UsageArguments
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ippPort()UsageArguments
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ippRead()UsageArguments
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ippTimeToDate()UsageArguments
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ippWrite()UsageArguments
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mimeAddFilter()UsageArguments
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mimeAddType()UsageArguments
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mimeAddTypeRule()UsageArguments
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mimeDelete()UsageArguments
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mimeFileType()UsageArguments
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mimeFilter()UsageArguments
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mimeLoad()UsageArguments
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mimeMerge()UsageArguments
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mimeNew()UsageArguments
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mimeType()UsageArguments
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ppdClose()UsageArguments
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ppdConflicts()UsageArguments
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pddEmitFd()UsageArguments
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ppdEmit()UsageArguments
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ppdFindChoice()UsageArguments
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ppdFindMarkedChoice()UsageArguments
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ppdFindOption()UsageArguments
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ppdIsMarked()UsageArguments
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ppdMarkDefaults()UsageArguments
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ppdMarkOption()UsageArguments
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ppdOpenFd()UsageArguments
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ppdOpenFile()UsageArguments
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ppdOpen()UsageArguments
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ppdPageLength()UsageArguments
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ppdPageSize()UsageArguments
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ppdPageWidth()UsageArguments
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