出自 Arch Linux 中文维基

這個頁面用表格展示一些流行的 Linux 發行版包管理器命令的對應關係。這是受到 openSUSE's Software Management Command Line Comparison 的啟發而成的。

提示:Arch 用戶在臨時處理其他發行版時可以用 pacapt,它是對其它包管理器的簡單包裝。

基本操作

行為 Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
搜索軟體包(們)。 What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. pacman -Ss dnf search apt search zypper searchzypper se [-s] emerge --search (-s)

emerge --searchdesc (-S)

按照包名安裝軟體包(們) pacman -S dnf install apt install zypper installzypper in emerge
獲取源碼包(們)並構建依賴 makepkg -s PKGBUILD dnf builddep apt build-dep zypper source-install (zypper si) 或 zypper install -d emerge,或explicitly emerge --with-bdeps
不進行實際操作,只輸出操作目標 pacman --print (或 -p) dnf --setopt=tsflags=test apt --simulate (or -s, --dry-run, --just-print) zypper --dry-run emerge --pretend (-p)
切換是否手動確認 pacman --confirmpacman --noconfirm dnf --assumeyes (-y) 或 dnf --assumeno apt --yes (-y) zypper --non-interactive (-n) 或 zypper --no-confirm (-y) emerge --ask (-a)
刷新本地軟體包資料庫 pacman -Sy (見 the warnings about partial updates) dnf check-updatednf makecache apt update zypper refreshzypper ref emerge --sync
升級軟體包 - 安裝已經有舊版本安裝的軟體包 pacman -Syu dnf upgrade apt upgrade zypper updatezypper up emerge -[a]uDN @world
升級軟體包 -另一種的升級命令, 可以完成更複雜的升級 -- 比如發行版升級. 當普通的更新命令會忽略軟體包更新時,包括依賴關係的一些變化使用這個命令可以進行更新. pacman -Syu dnf distro-sync apt dist-upgrade zypper dup emerge -[a]uDN @world
按照包名移除軟體包(們)及其所有依賴 pacman -Rs dnf remove apt autoremove zypper removezypper rm emerge --depclean (-c)
按照包名移除軟體包(們)及其配置文件 pacman -Rn ? apt purge ? n/a
按照包名移除軟體包(們)及其所有依賴和配置文件 pacman -Rns ? apt autoremove --purge ? n/a
移除不再被需要的依賴(orphans), 例如 需要某個依賴的軟體包已被移除 pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs - (-Qdttq to also remove optional deps) dnf autoremove apt autoremove zypper rm -u (just for removing a package) 或 zypper packages --unneeded (listing only and without recursion) emerge --depclean (-c)
移除所有不再處於任何倉庫的軟體包 pacman -Qmq | pacman -Rs - dnf repoquery --extras aptitude purge '~o' ?
將先前作為依賴被安裝的軟體包標記為明確的安裝 pacman -D --asexplicit dnf mark install apt-mark manual zypper install --force (workaround which needs to reinstall the package) emerge --select (-w)
將軟體包作為依賴被安裝 / 並不明確的標記為 required pacman -S --asdeps dnf install and then dnf mark remove apt-mark auto n/a (feature request) emerge --oneshot (-1)
僅下載指定的軟體包而不解包或安裝 pacman -Sw dnf download apt install --download-only (into the package cache) 或 apt download (bypass the package cache) zypper --download-only emerge --fetchonly (-f)
清理本地所有緩存。可以使用選項顯示實際清理的內容 pacman -Scpacman -Scc dnf clean all apt autoclean removes only unneeded, obsolete information或apt clean zypper clean eclean distfiles
打開一個Shell來在一個會話裡輸入多個命令 dnf shell zypper shell
顯示關於軟體包管理行為的日誌 read /var/log/pacman.log dnf history read /var/log/dpkg.log read /var/log/zypp/history read /var/log/portage
Get a dump of the whole system information - Prints, Saves或similar the current state of the package management system. Preferred output is text or XML. (Note: Why either-or here? No tool offers the option to choose the output format.) /var/lib/pacman/local /var/lib/rpm/Packages apt-cache stats emerge --info
通過電子郵件發送軟體包的變更 apt install apt-listchanges eselect news read

查詢特定的軟體包

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
顯示關於一個軟體包的全部或者大多數信息。The tools' verbosity for the default command vary. But with options, the tools are on par with each other. pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf listdnf info apt showapt-cache policy zypper infozypper if emerge -S, emerge -pveix
顯示本地軟體包信息:名稱、版本、描述等等 pacman -Qi rpm -qi / dnf info installed dpkg -saptitude show zypper inforpm -qi emerge -pvemerge -S
顯示遠端軟體包信息:名稱、版本、描述等等 pacman -Si dnf info apt-cache showaptitude show zypper info emerge -pv and emerge -Sequery meta
顯示由本地軟體包提供的文件 pacman -Ql rpm -ql dpkg -L rpm -ql equery filesqlist
顯示由遠端軟體包提供的文件 pacman -Fl dnf repoquery -lrepoquery -l (from package yum-utils) apt-file list pfl
查詢擁有某個文件的軟體包 pacman -Qo rpm -qf (installed only)或dnf provides (everything)或repoquery -f (from package yum-utils) dpkg -Sdlocate rpm -qf (installed only)或zypper search -f (everything) equery belongsqfile
列出軟體包所提供的文件. 同樣,這個功能可以被其他更複雜的命令實現 pacman -Qlpacman -Fl dnf repoquery -l dpkg-query -L rpm -ql equery filesqlist
Displays packages which provide the given exp. aka reverse provides. Mainly a shortcut to search a specific field. Other tools might offer this functionality through the search command. pacman -F dnf provides apt-file search zypper what-provideszypper wp equery belongs (only installed packages)或pfl
搜索所有軟體包以找到持有某個特定文件的包 pacman -F dnf provides apt-file searchauto-apt is using this functionality. zypper search -f equery belongsqfile
顯示軟體包的變更日誌 pacman -Qc dnf changelog apt-get changelog rpm -q --changelog equery changes -f

查詢軟體包列表

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. pacman -Ss dnf search apt search zypper searchzypper se -s emerge -Seix
列出有可用更新的軟體包。Note: Some provide special commands to limit the output to certain installation sources, others use options. pacman -Qu dnf list updatesdnf check-update apt list --upgradable zypper list-updateszypper patch-check (just for patches) emerge -uDNp @world
Display a list of all packages in all installation sources that are handled by the packages management. Some tools provide options或additional commands to limit the output to a specific installation source. pacman -Sl dnf list available apt-cache dumpavailapt-cache dump (Cache only)或apt-cache pkgnames zypper packages portageq all_best_visible /
生成一個已安裝軟體包的列表 pacman -Q dnf list installed dpkg --list | grep ^i zypper search --installed-only qlist -IC
列出已安裝但不(再)屬於任何軟體源的軟體包 pacman -Qm dnf list extras apt --installed list | grep ,local zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages' eix-test-obsolete
List packages that were recently added to one of the installation sources, i.e. which are new to it. dnf list recent aptitude search '~N'aptitude forget-new eix-diff
列出本地已安裝的軟體包及版本 pacman -Q rpm -qa dpkg -lapt list --installed zypper search -srpm -qa qlist -ICv
搜索本地已安裝的軟體包名或描述 pacman -Qs rpm -qa '*<str>*' aptitude search '~i(~n $name|~d $description)' eix -S -I
列出不再被任何軟體包所需要的依賴 pacman -Qtt dnf leavespackage-cleanup --leaves --all deborphan -anp1 emerge -pc
列出顯式安裝的軟體包(不作為任何其他軟體包的依賴而安裝) pacman -Qe dnf history userinstalled apt-mark showmanual zypper search | grep -E '^i\+' (workaround) emerge -pvO @selectedeix --selected
列出(作為依賴)自動安裝的軟體包 pacman -Qd zypper search | grep -E '^i[^+]' (workaround) apt-mark showauto

查詢軟體包依賴

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Display packages which require X to be installed, aka show reverse dependencies. pacman -Siipacman -Qii dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequiresrepoquery --whatrequires apt-cache rdependsaptitude search ~D$pattern zypper search --requires equery depends
Display packages which conflict with given expression (often package). Search can be used as well to mimic this function. pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf repoquery --conflicts aptitude search '~C$pattern'
List all packages which are required for the given package, aka show dependencies. pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf repoquery --requiresrepoquery -R apt-cache dependsapt-cache show zypper info --requires emerge -ep
List what the current package provides pacman -Siipacman -Qii dnf repoquery --provides dpkg -saptitude show zypper info --provides equery filesqlist
List all packages that require a particular package pacman -Sii dnf repoquery --installed --alldeps --whatrequires aptitude search ~D{depends,recommends,suggests}:$patternaptitude whyor apt-cache rdepends zypper search --requires equery depends -a
Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes. pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf list obsoletes apt-cache show
Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s). apt-cache dotty

軟體源管理

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
軟體源管理 編輯 /etc/pacman.conf 編輯 /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo 編輯 /etc/apt/sources.list 編輯 /etc/zypp/repos.d/${REPO}.repo laymaneselect repository
Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source. edit /etc/pacman.conf dnf config-manager apt-cdrom add zypper ar <URL or .repo file> laymanoverlays
Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s)或all installation sources. pacman -Sy (always upgrade the whole system afterwards) dnf clean expire-cache and then dnf check-update apt-get update zypper refreshzypper ref emerge --synclayman -S
Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc. cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist cat /etc/yum.repos.d/* apt-cache policy zypper reposzypper lr layman -leselect repository list
List all packages from a certain repo paclist <repo> zypper search -r <repo>zypper se -r <repo> eix --in-overlay
Disable an installation source for an operation dnf --disablerepo= emerge package::repo-to-use
Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed. pacman -S repo_name/package dnf --releasever= apt-get install -t release packageapt-get install package/release (dependencies not covered) zypper install -r <repo> package echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords and then emerge package

Overrides

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Add a package lock rule to keep its current state from being changed edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying IgnorePkg array edit dnf.conf adding/amending the exclude option apt-mark hold pkg zypper al或put package name in /etc/zypp/locks /etc/portage/package.mask
Delete a package lock rule edit /etc/pacman.conf removing package from IgnorePkg line apt-mark unhold pkg zypper rl或remove package name from /etc/zypp/locks /etc/portage/package.mask (or package.unmask)
Show a listing of all lock rules cat /etc/pacman.conf /etc/apt/preferences zypper ll或view /etc/zypp/locks cat /etc/portage/package.mask
Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade或to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source. edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays /etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy zypper mr -p edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords adding a line with =category/package-version
Remove a previously set priority /etc/apt/preferences zypper mr -p edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords removing offending line
Show a list of set priorities apt-cache policy/etc/apt/preferences zypper lr -p grep -r . /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords
Ignore problems that priorities may trigger. n/a

Verification and repair

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
驗證單個軟體包 pacman -Qk (can add another k) rpm -V debsums rpm -V equery check
驗證所有軟體包 pacman -Qk (can add another k) rpm -Va debsums rpm -Va equery check
重新安裝給定的軟體包。 this will reinstall the given package without dependency hassle pacman -S dnf reinstall apt install --reinstall zypper install --force emerge -1O
驗證整個系統的依賴關係; used if installation process was forcefully killed pacman -Dk dnf repoquery --requires apt-get check zypper verify emerge -uDN @world
使用一些魔法來修理損壞的依賴關係 for pacman dependency level, use pacman -Dk; for shared library level, use findbrokenpkgsAURlddd (from devtools) dnf repoquery --unsatisfied apt-get --fix-broken and then aptitude install zypper verify revdep-rebuild
Add a checkpoint to the package system for later rollback (unnecessary, it is done on every transaction) n/a
Remove a checkpoint from the system n/a n/a n/a
Provide a list of all system checkpoints n/a dnf history list n/a
Rolls entire packages back to a certain date或checkpoint n/a dnf history rollback n/a
Undo a single specified transaction n/a dnf history undo n/a

Using package files and building packages

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database pacman -Qp rpm -qp dpkg -I
List the contents of a package file pacman -Qpl rpmls rpm -qpl dpkg -c rpm -qpl
Install local package file, e.g. app.rpm and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies pacman -U dnf install apt install zypper in emerge
Updates package(s) with local packages and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies pacman -U dnf upgrade debi emerge
Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes. cp package-filename /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ apt-cache add package-filename n/a cp package-filename /usr/portage/distfiles
解包一個軟體包 tar -xvf rpm2cpio | cpio -vid dpkg-deb -x rpm2cpio | cpio -vid tar -jxvf
Install/Remove packages to satisfy build-dependencies. Uses information in the source package Use ABS and makepkg -seoc dnf builddep apt-get build-dep zypper si -d emerge -o
Display the source package to the given package name(s) dnf repoquery -s apt-cache showsrc n/a
Download the corresponding source package(s) to the given package name(s) Use ABS and makepkg -o dnf download --source apt-get sourcedebcheckout zypper source-install emerge --fetchonly
構建一個軟體包 makepkg -s rpmbuild -ba (normal)或mock (in chroot) debuild rpmbuild -ba, then build, and then osc build ebuildquickpkg
檢查可能的打包問題 namcap
(requires namcap)
rpmlint lintian rpmlint repoman

Log file rotation

By default, Arch Linux does not rotate pacman.log. See, for example, FS#11272 and FS#20428#comment66480. This is in contrast to the default policy of most other Linux distributions. Some distributions, notably Gentoo, hardly write log files by default.

See also