核心工具 是 GNU/Linux 系統基本、基礎的工具。本文提供對它們不完整的概覽、連結文檔並描述有用的替代品。本文的範圍包括,但不限於 GNU coreutils。大多數核心工具都是傳統的 Unix 工具,它們中的許多已由 POSIX 標準化,但已進一步發展,從而提供更多功能。
大多數命令行界面的文檔都在 man page 中,來自 GNU 項目 的工具的文檔主要在 Info manual 中,一些 shell 為內置命令提供了 help
命令。另外,大多數命令在使用 --help
標誌運行時會顯示自身的使用說明。
基礎
下表列出了一些 Arch Linux 用戶應當熟悉的重要的工具。另請參見 intro(1)。
防止數據損失
rm
、mv
、cp
和 shell 重定向無需確認即可刪除或覆蓋文件。rm
、mv
和 cp
都支持 -i
標誌以在刪除/覆蓋前提醒用戶。一些用戶喜歡通過 alias 默認啟用 -i
。依賴這些 shell 選項可能很危險,因為你會習慣於它們,從而在你使用沒有它們的系統或用戶時導致潛在的數據損失。防止數據損失的最好辦法是創建備份。
非關鍵
此表格列出了常常很有用的核心工具。
包 | 工具 | 描述 | 文檔 | 替代品 |
---|---|---|---|---|
shell 內置 | ||||
alias | 定義或顯示別名 | alias(1p) | ||
type | 列印命令的類型 | type(1p) | command(1p), whereis(1), which(1) | |
time | 記錄命令執行時間 | time(1p) | ||
GNU coreutils包 | tee | 讀取 stdin,寫入 stdout 和文件 | tee(1), info | pee(1) |
mktemp | 創建臨時文件或目錄 | mktemp(1), info | ||
mknod | create named pipe or device node | mknod(1), mkfifo(1), info | ||
truncate | shrink or extend the size of a file | truncate(1), info | fallocate(1) | |
basenc | encoding input and output it | basenc(1), base64(1), info | ||
cut | 列印選中的行 | cut(1), info | colrm(1), hck包, choose包 | |
tr | 轉換或刪除字符 | tr(1), info | uconv(1) | |
od | 以 8 進位或其他格式轉儲文件 | od(1), info | hexdump(1), vim's xxd(1) | |
sort | 給行排序 | sort(1), info | ||
uniq | 報告或忽略重複的行 | uniq(1), info | anewer包, runiqAUR, huniq-gitAUR | |
comm | 逐行比對兩個有序的文件 | comm(1), info | zetAUR | |
head | 輸出文件的前一部分 | head(1), info | ||
join | join lines of two inputs on a common field | join(1), info | combine(1) zetAUR | |
md5sum | calculate cryptography hash functions of inputs and output | sha256sum(1), sha512sum(1), info | shasum(1), hashdeep(1), rhash(1) | |
tail | output the last part of files, or follow files | tail(1), info | ||
wc | 輸出換行、單詞和字節數 | wc(1), info | ||
GNU binutils包 | strings | 列印二進位文件中可列印的字符 | strings(1), info | stringsextAUR |
util-linux包 | column | columnate file, optionally pretty-printing in table with grid | column(1) | paste(1), csviewAUR |
GNU findutils包 | xargs | combine or template arguments from stdin to invoke external command | xargs(1) | parallel(1) (parallel_alternatives(7)) |
GNU glibc包 | iconv | 轉換字符編碼 | iconv(1) | recode包, uconv(1) |
GNU sharutils包 | uudecode | encode file into email friendly text | uuencode(1), uudecode(1), info | uudeview(1) |
file包 | file | 猜測文件類型 | file(1) |
moreutils包 包提供了 GNU coreutils 中沒有的有用的工具,例如 sponge(1)。
替代品
Alternative core utilities are provided by the following packages:
- BusyBox — Utilities for rescue and embedded systems.
- Toybox — An all-in-one Linux command line.
- uutils — Cross-platform Rust rewrite of the GNU coreutils.
- Heirloom Toolchest — Traditional implementations of standard Unix utilities.
- 9base — A port of various original Plan9 tools to unix.
- sbase — A suckless variant of the *nix core utilities.
- ubase — An extension of the sbase utilities.
cat 替代品
- bat — 支持語法高亮和 Git 集成的 cat 克隆。
cd 替代品
- zoxide — A smart cd command that learns your habits, allowing you to navigate anywhere in just a few keystrokes.
- autojump — A faster way to navigate your filesystem from the command line.
See also Bash#Auto "cd" when entering just a path and Zsh#Remembering recent directories.
cp 替代品
Using rsync#As cp/mv alternative allows you to resume a failed transfer, to show the transfer status, to skip already existing files and to make sure of the destination files integrity using checksums.
ls 替代品
- broot — A new way to see and navigate directory trees.
- clifm — A file manager that can list files like ls(1) would (plus icons and RGB colors support).
- exa — Another ls replacement with color support, tree view, git integration and other features.
- lsd — Modern ls with a lot of pretty colors and awesome icons.
find 替代品
-
fd — Simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to find. Ignores hidden and
.gitignore
'd files by default.
- fuzzy-find — Fuzzy completion for finding files.
- mlocate — Merging locate/updatedb implementation.
- plocate — A much faster locate.
For graphical file searchers, see List of applications/Utilities#File searching.
diff 替代品
While diffutils包 does not provide a word-wise diff, several other programs do:
-
git diff can do a word diff with
--color-words
, using--no-index
it can also be used for files outside of Git working trees. - cwdiff — A GNU wdiff wrapper that colorizes the output.
- git-delta — A syntax-highlighting pager for git, diff, and grep output.
- dwdiff — A word diff front-end for the diff program; supports colors.
- icdiff — A colorized diff tool written in Python. "Improved color diff" is meant to supplement normal diff use.
- wdiff — A wordwise implementation of GNU diff; does not support colors.
See also List of applications/Utilities#Comparison, diff, merge.
grep 替代品
- mgrep — 多行 grep。
- pdfgrep — 在 PDF 文件中搜索文本的工具。
- ripgrep-all — Search in plain text and also in PDFs, E-Books, Office documents, zip, tar.gz.
- agrep — 近似搜索。
代碼搜索工具
以下 3 個工具旨在在代碼搜索方面替代 grep。它們默認執行遞歸搜索、跳過二進位文件並遵守 .gitignore
。
- ack — 基於 Perl 的 grep 替代品,為搜索大量異構的源碼樹而生。
- ripgrep (rg) — 結合了 ag 的易用性和 grep 的速度。
- The Silver Searcher (ag) — 類似 Ack 的代碼搜索工具,不過更快。
- ugrep (ug) — Ultrafast grep with interactive user interface, fuzzy search, boolean queries, hexdumps and more.
交互式過濾器
- fzf — General-purpose command-line fuzzy finder, powered by find by default.
- fzy — A fast, simple fuzzy text selector with an advanced scoring algorithm.
- peco — Simplistic interactive filtering tool.
- percol — Adds flavor of interactive filtering to the traditional pipe concept of the UNIX shell.
- skim — Fuzzy finder written in Rust, similar to fzf.
dd alternatives
Alternative dd implementations
This subsection lists dd implementations whose interface and default behaviour is mostly compliant with the POSIX specification of dd(1p).
- ddpt — A portable rewrite of sg_dd(8) by the SCSI subsystem maintainer of the Linux kernel, with optional but very specialised hardware I/O (SCSI command sets) support, plus many other features.
- sdd — A dd implementation portable across UNIX environments by Joerg Schilling, that can checksum the copied data and retry reading bad blocks.
Spin-offs of GNU dd
The GNU implementation of dd found in coreutils包 also conforms to POSIX. This subsection lists its forks.
- dcfldd — feature-enhanced fork of GNU dd for forensics and security scenarios, includes on-the-fly hashing capability, flexible wipes, write verification, output to multiple targets at the same time, split and piped output.
- dc3dd — Another patched version of GNU dd from the United States Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3), with similar goals and features to dcfldd.
Modernised dd analogues
This subsection lists dd alternatives that do not conform to POSIX (in terms of the JCL-resembling command-line syntax and default behaviour).
- dd_rescue — A feature-packed, modernised dd analogue that is suitable for daily scripting, disk cloning, and data recovery.
- rw — Minimal and portable dd analogue with conventional command-line flags.
- https://sortix.org/rw/ || rwAUR
buffer spin-offs
This subsection lists forks of bufferAUR, a general-purpose I/O buffering utility similar to dd but has a dynamic-sized buffer. It supports blockwise I/O and can be used when dumping from/to an LTO-tape to avoid shoe shining.
- mbuffer — Continuation of the buffer utility with threading and other features.
df alternatives
- duf — A disk usage/free utility.
du alternatives
- dust — A more intuitive version of du, in rust.
- ncdu — Simple ncurses disk usage analyzer.
- gdu — Disk usage analyzer with console interface, written in Go.
See also List of applications/Utilities#Disk usage display.
參閱
- GNU Coreutils 文檔
- GNU Coreutils FAQ
- Coreutils Gotchas: GNU coreutils maintainer's notes about some confusing behaviour in coreutils components
- POSIX 工具